大而美法案对少数族裔经济发展的影响

2025年，美国国会通过了引发广泛关注的《大而美法案》（One Big Beautiful Bill），这项涵盖面广泛、结构庞大的立法，被形容為一场针对经济、社区与税制的全方位改革。对於全美各地的亚裔、非裔、拉丁裔与原住民社区而言，这项法案带来的不只是政策上的变动，更是影响深远的机会与挑战。

首先，法案中最受瞩目的部分之一，是对於可负担住房与弱势社区重建的大力支持。透过扩大「低收入住房税额抵免计画」（LIHTC）与鼓励投资「机会区」（Opportunity Zones），联邦政府承诺在未来十年间创造超过五十万户可负担住宅，并特别针对农村与原住民地区提供额外奖励。这对许多长期遭遇房价压力、租金上涨的移民社区而言，是一项极具实质意义的扶持。

其次，针对小企业与家族型经营者，法案让原本即将到期的199A税收扣抵永久化，并提升扣除比例至23%。这对许多亚裔与其他少数族裔经营的餐馆、洗衣店、诊所、媒体机构等小型企业而言，是雪中送炭的好消息。这类企业在过去数年疫情与通膨的双重打击下摇摇欲坠，如今终於获得喘息空间与再投资的可能。

然而，这一切的政策利多，却是以大幅削减社会安全网為代价换来的。法案大幅减少了对Medicaid（医疗补助）与SNAP（粮食券）等社会福利的拨款，预计数百万人将因此失去医疗保障与粮食援助，而这其中，又以弱势族裔家庭受影响最為严重。对於那些尚未稳定立足、仍需依靠公共援助的低收入户来说，这无疑是另一层风险与不确定性。

因此，我们必须以审慎的态度来看待「大而美法案」：它的确在住房、创业与社区投资上為少数族裔带来前所未有的机会，但同时也提醒我们，任何经济繁荣的假象若建立在削弱基本民生保障之上，终究会导致更深层的不平等与社会撕裂。

未来的关键在於：我们的社区是否能够积极参与资源分配的过程，确保联邦拨款真正落实於基层？我们的企业与组织是否準备好拥抱转型，把握这波振兴契机？我们的声音是否能在政策制定者面前被听见，被尊重，被回应？

这是一场关於未来的考验，而我们，必须用行动来作答。

The Impact Of The “One Big Beautiful Act" On Minority Economic Development

In 2025, the U.S. Congress passed the much-discussed One Big Beautiful Bill—a sweeping, ambitious piece of legislation aimed at overhauling key aspects of the economy, taxation, and community development. For minority communities across the country—Asian American, African American, Latino, Native American—this legislation represents not just a shift in policy, but a moment of both opportunity and uncertainty.

One of the most notable features of the bill is its strong investment in affordable housing and community revitalization. By expanding the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) and encouraging investment in Opportunity Zones, the federal government plans to create over 500,000 affordable housing units over the next decade. These measures specifically target underserved rural and tribal areas, but many urban immigrant enclaves—long burdened by rising rents and gentrification—stand to benefit as well.

Equally significant is the bill’s permanent extension of the Section 199A small business tax deduction, increasing the deduction rate to 23%. This is particularly meaningful for the thousands of small, family-run businesses operated by minority entrepreneurs—restaurants, laundromats, clinics, local newspapers—many of which struggled to survive the economic shocks of the pandemic and inflation. Now, they may finally have the breathing room and capital to recover and reinvest.

However, these gains come at a high cost. To fund these provisions, the bill makes deep cuts to the social safety net. Medicaid and SNAP (food assistance) are among the hardest hit, with projections showing that millions could lose access to healthcare and food support. These reductions disproportionately affect low-income families of color, many of whom still rely on public assistance to meet basic needs.

Thus, we must view the Big and Beautiful Act with cautious optimism. It indeed opens new doors in housing, entrepreneurship, and community development for minority populations. But if prosperity is built on a weakened safety net, the long-term risks could outweigh the short-term gains, deepening inequality and social division.

The challenge now is ours. Can our communities mobilize to ensure that these federal resources reach the grassroots? Are our local organizations and small businesses ready to seize this moment of revitalization? Will our voices be heard by the policymakers shaping our future?

This is a test of resilience, vision, and unity. And it’s up to us to rise to the occasion—with action and not just hope.